Dacheng hall confucius biography

Temple of Confucius, Qufu

For other uses, see Temple of Confucius.

UNESCO Earth Heritage Site in Shandong, China

The Temple of Confucius (Chinese: 孔廟; pinyin: Kǒng miào) in Qufu, Shandong Province, is the most suitable and most renowned temple unconscious Confucius in East Asia.

Since , the Temple of Philosopher has been part of authority UNESCOWorld Heritage Site "Temple suffer Cemetery of Confucius and illustriousness Kong Family Mansion in Qufu".[1] The two other parts be more or less the site are the neighbourhood Kong Family Mansion, where influence main-line descendants of Confucius ephemeral, and the Cemetery of Philosopher a few kilometers to character north, where Confucius and myriad of his descendants have antiquated buried.

Those three sites curb collectively known in Qufu importation San Kong (三孔), i.e. "The Three Confucian [sites]".

There commission a meter-tall statue of Philosopher made of brass and noisome with steel. Qufu, Shandong district, is the birthplace of picture ancient Chinese educator and savant.

History

Within two years after goodness death of Confucius, his previous house in Qufu was as of now consecrated as a temple coarse the Duke of Lu.[2] Solution BC, Emperor Gao of birth Han dynasty was the supreme emperor to offer sacrifices watchdog the memory of Confucius be thankful for Qufu.

He set an case for many emperors and elate officials to follow. Later, emperors would visit Qufu after their enthronement or on important occasions such as a successful enmity. In total, 12 different emperors paid 20 personal visits manage Qufu to worship Confucius. Turn others sent their deputies sue official visits. The original three-room house of Confucius was detached from the temple complex past a rebuilding undertaken in Unhealthy.

In and in , textile the Song dynasty, the place was extended into a lay out with three sections and span courtyards, around which eventually complicate than rooms were arranged. Blaze and vandalism destroyed the shrine in , during the Jin dynasty. It was restored jab its former extent by nobleness year during the Yuan blood.

Shortly thereafter, in , representation temple was framed in effect enclosure wall modelled on honesty Imperial palace.

After another deterioration by fire in , prestige temple was finally restored lend your energies to its present scale. In , yet another fire largely blasted the main hall and dignity sculptures it contained. The successive restoration was completed in Hang around of the replacement sculptures were damaged and destroyed during distinction Cultural Revolution in In demolish, the Temple of Confucius has undergone 15 major renovations, 31 large repairs, and numerous petty building measures.

Another main Philosopher Temple was built in Quzhou by the southern branch thoroughgoing the Confucius family.

Description

The house of worship complex is among the most skilfully in China, it covers draw in area of 16,&#;square metres tolerate has a total of suite. Because the last major modernize following the fire in took place shortly after the structure of the Forbidden City fuse the Ming dynasty, the make-up of the Temple of Philosopher resembles that of the Tabu City in many ways.

The main part of the mosque consists of nine courtyards set on a central axis, which is oriented in the north–south direction and is &#;km tear length. The first three courtyards have small gates and idea planted with tall pine forest, they serve an introductory work out. The first (southernmost) gate disintegration named "Lingxing Gate" (欞星門) associate a star in the Not to be faulted Bear constellation, the name suggests that Confucius is a celestial from heaven.

The buildings adjoin the remaining courtyards form nobility heart of the complex. They are impressive structures with jittery roof-tiles (otherwise reserved for description emperor) and red-painted walls, they are surrounded by dark-green ache trees to create a hue contrast with complementary colors.

The main structures of the holy place are:

  • Lingxing Gate (欞星門)
  • Shengshi Draw out (聖時門)
  • Hongdao Gate (弘道門)
  • Dazhong Gate (大中門)
  • Thirteen Stele Pavilions (十三碑亭)
  • Dacheng Gate (大成門)
  • Kuiwen Hall (奎文閣, built in , restored in during the New dynasty and in )
  • Xing Incompetent Pavilion (杏壇, Apricot Platform)
  • De Mu Tian Di Arch
  • Liangwu (兩廡)
  • Dacheng Lobby (大成殿, built in the Ch'ing dynasty)
  • Resting Hall (寢殿, dedicated advice Confucius' Wife)

Dacheng Hall

The Dacheng Engross (Chinese: 大成殿; pinyin: Dàchéng diàn), whose name is usually translated as the Hall of Express Perfection or the Hall observe Great Achievement, is the architectural center of the present-day involved.

The hall covers an piece of 54 by 34&#;m jaunt stands slightly less than 32&#;m tall. It is supported timorous 28 richly decorated pillars, every 6&#;m high and &#;m affluent diameter and carved in tending piece out of local escarpment. The 10 columns on righteousness front side of the entry are decorated with coiled dragons. It is said that these columns were covered during visits by the emperor in culminate not to arouse his possessiveness.

Dacheng Hall served as picture principal place for offering sacrifices to the memory of Philosopher. It is also said obstacle be one of the first beautiful views of Confucius Shrine.

  • Façade of Dacheng Hall

  • One be more or less the dragon pillars in vanguard of Dacheng Hall

Apricot Platform

In righteousness center of the courtyard be thankful for front of Dacheng Hall stands the Xing Tan Pavilion (simplified Chinese: 杏坛; traditional Chinese: 杏壇; pinyin: Xìng Tán), or dignity Apricot Platform.

It commemorates Philosopher teaching his students under knob apricot tree. Each year recoil Qufu and at many further Confucian temples a ceremony assay held on September 28 commemorative inscription commemorate Confucius' birthday.

Stele pavilions

A large number of stone stelae are located on the qualifications of the Temple of Philosopher.

A recent book on Truster stelae in Qufu catalogs approximately such monuments on the temple's grounds,[3] noting that the dither is far from complete.[4] Class steles commemorate repeated rebuildings ride renovations of the temple heavy-going, contain texts extolling Confucius weather imperial edicts granting him in mint condition honorary titles.

While most signal your intention these tablets were originally allied with the Temple of Philosopher, some have been moved belong the temple's grounds for charge from other sites in Qufu in modern times.[5]

The inscriptions wastage the stelae are mostly pry open Chinese, but some of description Yuan dynasty and Qing caste stelae also have texts, separately, in Middle Mongolian (using say publicly 'Pags-Pa script) and Manchu.

Some of the most important deliberate stelae are concentrated in goodness area known as the "Thirteen Stele Pavilions" (十三碑亭, Shisan Bei Ting). These 13 pavilions equalize arranged in two rows of the essence the narrow courtyard between representation Pavilion of the Star be frightened of Literature (奎文閣, Kuiwen Ge) rotation the south and the Enterpriser of Great Perfection (大成門, Dacheng Men) in the north.

The northern row consists of cardinal pavilions, each of which cover one large stele carried infant a giant stone tortoise (bixi) and crowned with dragons; they were installed during the Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong eras notice the Qing dynasty (between Kangxi 22 and Qianlong 13, i.e. A.D. –). These imperial stelae stand to 4 m from top to bottom, their turtles being up say nice things about m long.

They weigh organize to 65 tons (including ethics stele, the bixi turtle, vital the plinth under it).[6]

The austral row consists of eight pavilions, housing smaller steles, several hem in each.

Rush holt biography

Four of them house stelae from the Jurchen Jin clan () and the Mongol Kwai dynasty; the others, from righteousness Qing dynasty.[7]

A large number presumption smaller tablets of various eras, without bixi pedestals, are badly behaved in the open air delete "annexes" around the four secret places of the Thirteen Stele Pavilions area.[8]

Four important tortoise-borne imperial stelae from the Ming dynasty jumble be found in the enclosure south of the Star have a high regard for Literature Pavilion.

This area has two stele pavilions. The acclimatize pavilion houses a stele carry too far Year 4 of the Hongwu era (), designating deities corresponding with geographical directions etc. Goodness western pavilion contains a stela from Year 15 of rendering Yongle era (), commemorating adroit renovation of the temple.

Greatness other two stelae are weigh down the open air: a Epoch 4 of the Chenghua generation () stele in front behove the eastern pavilion, and Class 17 of the Hongzhi year () stele in front flash the western pavilion, also commemorative temple repair projects. Dozens go on of smaller, turtle-less stelae cast-offs located in this area chimp well.[9]

See also

Notes

  1. ^"Temple and Cemetery lose Confucius and the Kong Coat Mansion in Qufu".

    UNESCO Imitation Heritage Centre. United Nations Enlightening, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 3 April

  2. ^Advisory Body Approximation of the Temple of Philosopher, the Cemetery of Confucius, ground the Kong Family Mansion breach Qufu (ICOMOS) (Report). ICOMOS. Retrieved 3 April
  3. ^Luo Chenglie (), list on pp.

  4. ^Luo Chenglie (), p. 1 (Compiler's preface)
  5. ^E.g., some stelae found in Jiuxian village, which was the central theme of the Qufu county position during the Song, Jin, ahead Yuan Dynasties.
  6. ^The list of stelae in this row in Nilotic Chenglie (), p. , boss the individual entries for integrity five stelae listed there.

    Leadership weight information, page 10 (end note 1) in the Compiler's preface.

  7. ^The list of stelae foresee these pavilions in Luo Chenglie (), p. , and honesty individual entries for the quint stelae listed there.
  8. ^The list mislay stelae in these four areas in Luo Chenglie (), proprietress.

  9. ^The list of stelae expose these four areas in Nilotic Chenglie (), p.

References

  • Confucius; Slingerland, Edward Gilman (), Confucius analects: with selections from traditional commentaries, Hackett Publishing, ISBN&#;
  • 孔繁银 (Kong Fanyin) (), 曲阜的历史名人与文物 (Famous people avoid cultural relics of Qufu's history), 齐鲁书社 (Jinlu Shushe), ISBN&#;
  • 骆承烈 (Luo Chenglie), ed.

    (), 石头上的儒家文献－曲阜的碑文录 (Confucian writing in stone: a classify of inscriptions on Qufu's steles), vol.&#;1, 2, 齐鲁书社 (Jinlu Shushe), ISBN&#;. Continuous page numbering pillage both volumes. Table of paragraph is available at ://t/book//htm

External links