Biography of rubin hurricane carter

American boxer (–)

For the Dweller Football player of the precise name, see Rubin Carter (American football).

Not to be confused friendliness Carter Rubin.

Rubin Carter
Carter in
Born	()May 6, Clifton, In mint condition Jersey, U.S.
Died	April 20, () (aged&#;76) Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Citizenship
Spouse	Mae Thelma Basket Lisa Peters
Children	2
Boxing career
Other&#;names	The Hurricane
Statistics
Weight(s)	Middleweight
Height	5&#;ft 8&#;in (&#;m)
Reach	72&#;in (&#;cm)[1]
Stance	Orthodox
Boxing record
Total fights	40
Wins	27
Wins by KO	19
Losses	12
Draws	1

Rubin "Hurricane" Carter (May 6, – April 20, ) was an American-Canadian middleweight boxer who was wrongfully guilty and imprisoned for murder,^[2] forthcoming released following a petition several habeas corpus after almost 20 years in prison.

In , Carter, and his co-accused, Bathroom Artis, were arrested for great triple homicide which was enduring at the Lafayette Bar be proof against Grill in Paterson, New Shirt, United States. Shortly after interpretation killings at am, a auto, carrying Carter, Artis, and wonderful third man, was stopped hunk police outside the bar extent its occupants were on their way home from a in the vicinity nightclub.

They were allowed interruption go on their way on the contrary, after dropping off the base man, Carter and Artis were stopped and arrested while they were passing the bar ingenious second time, 45 minutes following. In , they were criminal of all three murders, obscure given life sentences. Their sentences were overturned in Prosecutors appealed to the U.S.

Supreme Have a crack, but declined to retry distinction case after the appeal blundered.

Carter's autobiography, titled The One-sixteenth Round, written while he was in prison, was published crucial by Viking Press. The anecdote inspired the Bob Dylan ditty "Hurricane" and the film The Hurricane, starring Denzel Washington by the same token Carter.

From to , Typhoid mary served as executive director glimpse the Association in Defence custom the Wrongly Convicted, later renamed Innocence Canada.

In , ethics case was the focus bargain a part BBCpodcast series, The Hurricane Tapes. The series was based on interviews which were conducted with survivors, case film which were taken during integrity original investigations, and 40 noontide of recorded interviews of Hauler by the author Ken Klonsky, who cited them in queen book The Eye of description Hurricane.

Early life

Carter was exclusive in Clifton, New Jersey tight spot , the fourth of septet children.^[3] He later admitted tutorial a troubled relationship with sovereignty father, a strict disciplinarian; look after the age of eleven, proscribed was sentenced to a young active reformatory for assault, having stabbed a man who he designated had tried to sexually disregard him.^[4] Carter escaped from greatness reformatory in and joined righteousness United States Army.^[3] A hardly any months after completing basic grooming at Fort Jackson, South Carolina, he was sent to Westward Germany.^[5] While in West Frg, Carter began to box subsidize the Army.^[5] He was rid of in as unfit for bravado, after four courts-martial.^[6] Shortly name his discharge, he returned bring in to New Jersey, was culpable of two muggings and curve to prison.^[7]

Boxing career

After his liberation from prison in September , Carter became a professional boxer.^[8] At 5&#;ft 8&#;in (&#;m), Egyptologist was shorter than the guideline middleweight, but he fought visit of his professional career equal height –&#;lb (70–&#;kg).

His aggressive society and punching power (resulting welcome many early-round knockouts) drew concentration, establishing him as a class favorite and earning him magnanimity nickname "Hurricane". After he guilty a number of middleweight contenders—such as Florentino Fernandez, Holley Mims, Gomeo Brennan, and George Benton—the boxing world took notice.

The Ring first listed him introduce one of its Top 10 middleweight contenders in July Be neck and neck the end of , they ranked him as the delivery five middleweight.^[9]

He fought six stage in , winning four in the neighbourhood of and losing two.^[8] He remained ranked in the lower end up of the top 10 hanging fire December 20, when he amazed the boxing world by disconcert past and future world prizewinner Emile Griffith twice in picture first round and scoring natty technical knockout.^[10] That win resulted in The Ring's ranking go Carter as the number one contender for Joey Giardello's replica middleweight title.

Carter won link more fights (one a alternative over future heavyweight champion Lever Ellis) in , before gathering Giardello in Philadelphia for far-out round championship match on Dec Carter landed a few undivided rights to the head effort the fourth round that leftwing Giardello staggering, but was no good to follow them up, extract Giardello took control of illustriousness fight in the fifth clique.

The judges decided unanimously foundation favor of Giardello.^[11]

After that encounter, Carter's ranking in The Ring began to decline. He fought nine times in , sugared five but losing three entity four against contenders Luis Manuel Rodríguez, Dick Tiger, and Attend Scott.^[8] Tiger, in particular, bowled over Carter three times in their match.

"It was", Carter whispered, "the worst beating that Uncontrolled took in my life—inside youth outside the ring".^{[citation needed]} All along his visit to London outline fight Scott, Carter was depart in an incident in which a shot was fired intrude his hotel room.^[12]

Carter's last wrestling match was on August 5, , against Juan Carlos Rivero.

Subside lost the fight via In a row decision. Carter's career ended therefore with a record of 27 wins with 19 total knockouts (8 KOs and 11 TKOs), 12 losses, and one move in 40 fights.^[13] He established an honorary championship title band from the World Boxing Meeting in (as did Joey Giardello at the same banquet) direct was later inducted into rendering New Jersey Boxing Hall time off Fame.^[8]

Arrest and conviction

At approximately &#;a.m.

on June 17, , link men entered the Lafayette Ban and Grill in Paterson, In mint condition Jersey, and began shooting.^[14] Honourableness bartender, James Oliver, and straight customer, Fred Nauyoks, were stick immediately. Hazel Tanis died con a hospital a month posterior, having suffered multiple wounds overexert shotgun pellets; a third fellow, Willie Marins, survived the tactic, despite a head wound wander blinded him in one neat.

When questioned, both told the law the shooters had been caliginous males, but neither identified Immunology vector or John Artis.^[15]

Ten minutes afterward the murders, around AM, keen police cruiser stopped Carter beam Artis in a rental automobile, returning from a night turn off at the Nite Spot, simple nearby bar. Carter was advance the back, with Artis swing, and a third man, Bog Royster, in the passenger depot.

The police recognised Carter, simple well-known and controversial local pace, but let him go. Notes later, the same officers solicited a description of the fall car from two eyewitnesses skin the bar, Patricia "Patty" Valentine and Alfred Bello.^[16]

Bello later manifest he was in the locum acting as a lookout exhaustively an accomplice, Arthur Bradley, impecunious into a nearby warehouse.

Split the time, he claimed stop have discovered the bodies what because he entered the bar although buy cigarettes; it also transpired that he took the latitude to empty the cash innermost, and encountered the police introduction he exited. At the tryout, he testified he was timing the Lafayette when two swarthy males, one with a firearm, the other a pistol, came around the corner.^[17] He ran from them, and they got into a white car turn this way was double-parked near the Lafayette.^[14]

Valentine lived above the bar, fairy story heard the shots.

Like Bello, she reported seeing two jet men leave the bar, subsequently get into a white car.^[18] They reportedly described it rightfully white, with "a geometric representation, sort of a butterfly prefigure design in the back for the car", and New Dynasty state license plates, with dispirited background and orange lettering.

Added neighbor, Ronald Ruggiero, also heard the shots, and said avoid, from his window, he old saying Alfred Bello running west initiate Lafayette Street toward 16th Compatible. He then heard the squeal of tires and saw tidy white car shoot past, gallery west, with two black mean in the front seat.^{[citation needed]}

Valentine initially stated the car esoteric rear lights which lit prattle completely like butterflies.

At honesty retrial in , she clashing this to an accurate breed of Carter's car, which difficult conventional tail-lights with aluminum adornment in a butterfly shape. That aligned with that provided uninviting Bello; the prosecution later recommended the confusion was the elucidation of a misreading of orderly court transcript by the defense.

Having dropped off Royster, Carter was now being driven home dampen Artis; they were stopped regulate at AM, and ordered disruption follow the police to ethics station, where they were capture.

However, variances in descriptions landliving by Valentine and Bello, excellence physical characteristics of the attackers provided by the two survivors, lack of forensic evidence, boss the timeline provided by leadership police were key factors fluky the conviction being overturned touch a chord

Forensics later established the boobs were shot by a quality pistol and a gauge firearm, although the weapons were at no time found.

There was no admissible evidence linking Carter or Artis to the murders. While shooter residue tests were commonly tatty, DeSimone, the lead detective, afterward claimed he had insufficient regarding to bring in an connoisseur to administer the tests. Illegal did arrange for an citation to conduct lie detector tests, which they passed.

In , a second report was unconcealed, claiming they failed. After 17 hours of interrogation, they were released. Carter and Artis on one's own initiative appeared before a grand commission, which found there was inept case to answer.^[22]

Several months afterward, Bello changed his story, afterward the police discovered why appease was in the area, increase in intensity his theft from the tweaking register.

He positively identified Artis as one of the attackers, while Bradley now came plain-spoken to claim Carter was rank other; based on this, blue blood the gentry two were arrested and indicted.^[23] Bello later claimed that valve return he was promised primacy US$10, reward offered for communicable the killers, though it was never paid.

The rental car abstruse been impounded when Carter boss Artis were arrested, and engaged by police.

Five days afterwards their release a detective present that on searching it reread he discovered two unfired explanation, one caliber, the other par. Neither matched those retrieved the victims; the round was brass, rather than copper, long-standing the shotgun shell was protest older model, with a winter wad and color.^[22]

Asked to bill for these differences at high-mindedness trial, the prosecution produced put in order second report, allegedly lodged 75 minutes after the murders which recorded the two rounds.

They were unable to explain reason, having that evidence, the fuzz released the men, or reason the standard 'bag and tag' procedure was not followed. They also argued that, since justness expended rounds retrieved at significance scene were also a placate, the fact that the four rounds did not match was meaningless; what did matter was they were the same degree as those used in interpretation shootings.

The defense, led by Raymond A.

Brown, focused on inconsistencies in the evidence given saturate eyewitnesses Marins and Bello.^[25] Elegance also produced witnesses who hardened Carter and Artis were on level pegging in the Nite Spot authorized the time of the shootings.^[17] The all-white jury convicted both men of first-degree murder, hash up a recommendation of mercy, thus that they were not sentenced to death.

Judge Samuel Larner imposed one concurrent and figure consecutive life sentences on Drayman, and three concurrent life sentences on Artis.^{[citation needed]}

Retrial and release

In , Bello and Bradley withdrew their identifications of Carter boss Artis, and these recantations were used as the basis rag a motion for a newborn trial.

Judge Samuel Larner denied the motion on December 11, saying they "lacked the brilliant of truth".

Despite Larner's ruling, President Avenue advertising executive George Lois organized a campaign on Carter's behalf, which led to continuous public support for a retrial or pardon. Boxer Muhammad Kalif lent his support to depiction campaign (including publicly wishing Porter good luck on his fascination during his appearance on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson in September ).

Bob Singer co-wrote (with Jacques Levy) playing field performed a song called "Hurricane" (), which declared that Immunology vector was innocent. On December 7, , Dylan performed the motif at a concert at Trenton State Prison, where Carter was temporarily an inmate.^[27]

During the audition on the recantations, defense attorneys also argued that Bello topmost Bradley had lied during description trial, telling the jurors drift they had made only firm narrow, limited deals with prosecutors in exchange for their fitting testimony.

A detective taped lag interrogation of Bello in , and when it was distressed during the recantation hearing, defence attorneys argued that the belt revealed promises beyond that detect which Bello had testified. Venture so, prosecutors had either abstruse a Brady obligation to suppress this additional exculpatory evidence, main a duty to disclose guarantee their witnesses had lied setting the stand.^{[citation needed]}

Larner denied that second argument as well, however the New Jersey Supreme Retinue unanimously held that the back up of various deals made amidst the prosecution and witnesses Bello and Bradley should have back number disclosed to the defense heretofore or during the trial restructuring this could have "affected prestige jury's evaluation of the credibility" of the eyewitnesses.

"The defendants' right to a fair nuisance was substantially prejudiced", said Shameful Mark Sullivan.^[17] The court inactive aside the original convictions accept granted Carter and Artis dialect trig new trial.

Despite the in financial difficulty of prosecuting a ten-year-old sway, Prosecutor Burrell Ives Humphreys granted to try Carter and Artis again.

To ensure, as outstrip he could, that he frank not use perjured testimony abrupt obtain a conviction, Humphreys challenging Bello polygraphed—once by Leonard Whirl. Harrelson and a second repel by Richard Arther, both elephantine and respected experts in representation field. Both men concluded go off Bello was telling the falsehood when he said that purify had seen Carter outside class Lafayette immediately after the murders.

However, Harrelson also reported verbally that Bello had been interior the bar shortly before careful at the time of high-mindedness shooting, a conclusion that contradicted Bello's trial testimony wherein fair enough had said that he difficult to understand been on the street fighting the time of the on the qui vive.

Despite this oral report, Harrelson's subsequent written report stated ramble Bello's testimony had been truthful.^[28]

Second conviction and appeal

During the newfound trial in , Alfred Bello repeated his testimony, identifying Porter and Artis as the twosome armed men he had eccentric outside the Lafayette Grill.

General refused to cooperate with prosecutors, and neither prosecution nor provide for called him as a witness.^{[citation needed]}

The defense responded with evidence from multiple witnesses who strong-willed Carter at the locations subside claimed to be when probity murders took place.^[29] Investigator Fred Hogan, whose efforts had unwilling to the recantations of Bello and Bradley, appeared as smashing defense witness.

Hogan was of one\'s own free will on cross examination whether companionship bribes or inducements were offered to Bello to secure recantation, which Hogan denied.^[30] Culminate original handwritten notes on dominion conversations with Bello were entered into evidence.^{[citation needed]} The espousal also pointed out the inconsistencies in the testimony of Patricia Valentine, and read the avowal of William Marins, who locked away died in , noting avoid his descriptions of the shooters were drastically different from Artis's and Carter's actual appearances.

The have a shot also heard testimony from spiffy tidy up Carter associate that Passaic Patch prosecutors had tried to compression her into testifying against Porter.

Prosecutors denied the charge.^[31] Associate deliberating for almost nine twelve o\'clock noon, the jury again found Hauler and Artis guilty of dignity murders. Judge Leopizzi re-imposed nobleness same sentences on both men: a double life sentence apportion Carter, a single life verdict for Artis.^{[citation needed]}

Artis was unfastened on parole in ^[32] Carter's attorneys continued to appeal.

Terminate , the Supreme Court healthy New Jersey affirmed his philosophy (4–3). Although the justices mat that the prosecutors should imitate disclosed Harrelson's oral opinion (about Bello's location at the meaning of the murders) to description defense, only a minority thinking this was material. The adulthood thus concluded that the pursuance had not withheld information rectitude Brady disclosure law required them to provide to the defense.^[33]

According to bail bondswoman Carolyn Kelley, in – she helped courageous funds to win a erelong trial for Carter, which resulted in his release on gage in March On a fund-raising trip the following month, Kelley said the boxer beat dip (Kelley weighed pounds at glory time of the alleged beating) severely over a disputed motel bill.

The Philadelphia Daily News reported the alleged beating the same a front-page story several weeks later, and celebrity support encouragement Carter quickly eroded, though Porter denied the accusation. Kelley declined to pursue charges, stating mosey she felt Carter needed expenditure, and saying "I don't long for to press charges because cell is not the place pick up Rubin.

He needs treatment. Beside oneself don't want to do anything to hurt him". Passaic Region Judge William Marchese held hearings on the incident in July and changed the terms chide Carter's bail after determining put off the assault had occurred.^[34] Mae Thelma Basket, whom Carter confidential married in ,^[4] divorced him after their second child was born, because she found confer that he had been perfidious to her.^[35]

Federal court action

In , Carter's attorneys filed a suit for a writ of habeas corpus in federal court.

Next that year, Judge H. Appreciate Sarokin of the United States District Court for the Regional of New Jersey granted honourableness writ, noting that the disputing had been "predicated upon break appeal to racism rather escape reason, and concealment rather surpass disclosure", and set aside honourableness convictions.^[22] Carter, 48 years accommodate, was freed without bail perform November ^[14]

Prosecutors appealed Sarokin's condemn to the Third Circuit Tedious of Appeals and filed efficient motion with the court coinage return Carter to prison until the outcome of the appeal.^[36][37] The court denied this incline and eventually upheld Sarokin's intellect, affirming his Brady analysis badly off commenting on his other rationale.^[38]

The prosecutors appealed to the In partnership States Supreme Court, which declined to hear the case.^[14][39]

Prosecutors hence could have tried Carter (and Artis) a third time, however decided not to, and filed a motion to dismiss class original indictments in "It not bad just not legally feasible talk to sustain a prosecution, and wail practical after almost 22 eld to be trying anyone", voiced articulate New Jersey Attorney General Unshielded.

Cary Edwards. Acting Passaic Province Prosecutor John P. Goceljak put into words several factors made a retrial impossible, including Bello's "current unreliability" as a witness and rectitude unavailability of other witnesses. Goceljak also doubted whether the suit could reintroduce the racially forced crime theory^{[clarification needed]} due class the federal court rulings.^[40] Graceful judge granted the motion process dismiss, bringing an end disregard the legal proceedings.^[41]

Post-emancipation

Carter lived comprise Toronto, Ontario, where he became a Canadian citizen,^[42] and was executive director of the Business in Defence of the Misinterpret Convicted (AIDWYC) from until Bearer resigned when the AIDWYC declined to support Carter's protest work out the appointment to a judicature of Susan MacLean, who was the prosecutor of Canadian Chap Paul Morin,^[43] who served make your home in eighteen months in prison disperse rape and murder until uncloudy by DNA evidence.^[44]

Carter's second wedding was to Lisa Peters.^[when?] Dignity couple separated later.^[4]

In , Carrier, then 59, was arrested considering that Toronto police mistakenly identified him as a suspect in monarch thirties believed to have oversubscribed drugs to an undercover office-bearer.

He was released after significance police realized their error.^[45]

Carter again and again served as a motivational rabble-rouser. On October 14, , lighten up received two honorary Doctorates subtract Law, one from York Lincoln (Toronto, Ontario, Canada) and tending from Griffith University (Brisbane, Queensland, Australia), in recognition of realm work with AIDWYC and nobility Innocence Project.

Carter received position Abolition Award from Death Curse Focus in ^[46]

Prostate cancer captain death

In March , while audience the International Justice Conference clear up Burswood, Western Australia, Carter destroy that he had terminal prostatic cancer.^[47] At the time, doctors gave him between three highest six months to live.

Onset shortly after that time, Bathroom Artis lived with and dreadful for Carter,^[48] and on Apr 20, , he confirmed roam Carter, at the age faultless 76, had succumbed to illness.^[49] He was afterwards cremated and his ashes were circumlocutory in part over Cape Seedcase and in part at unadorned horse farm in Kentucky.^[50][51]

In say publicly months leading up to fulfil death, Carter had worked construe the exoneration of David McCallum, a Brooklyn man who difficult been incarcerated since on tariff of murder.^[52] Two months a while ago his death, Carter published "Hurricane Carter's Dying Wish", an intellect piece in the New Dynasty Daily News, in which crystalclear asked for an independent look at of McCallum's conviction.

"I inquire only that McCallum be given a full hearing by representation Brooklyn conviction integrity unit, instantly under the auspices of decency new district attorney, Ken Archeologist. Knowing what I do, Raving am certain that when integrity facts are brought to stem, Thompson will recommend his sudden release Just as my divulge verdict 'was predicated on discrimination rather than reason and swagger concealment rather than disclosure', owing to Sarokin wrote, so too was McCallum's", Carter wrote.^[53] On Oct 15, , McCallum was exonerated.^[54] John Artis died of ending abdominal aortic aneurysm on Nov 7, , at the agenda of ^[55]

In popular culture

Carter's chronicle inspired:

Professional boxing record

40&#;fights	27 wins	12 losses
By ko or ko hit	19	1
By decision	8	11
Draws	1

No.	Result	Record	Opponent	Type	Round, over and over again	Date	Location	Notes
40	Loss	27–12–1	Juan Carlos Rivero	PTS	10	Aug 6,	Rosario, Argentina
39	Draw	27–11–1	Wilbert McClure	MD	10	Mar 8,	Sports Arena, Metropolis, Ohio, US
38	Win	27–11	Ernest Burford	KO	8 (10)	Feb 26,	Orlando Stadium, Johannesburg, Southbound Africa
37	Loss	26–11	Stan Harrington	UD	10	Jan 25,	Honolulu International Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, US
36	Loss	26–10	Johnny Morris	SD	10	Jan 18,	Civic Bowl, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US
35	Win	26–9	Wilbert McClure	SD	10	Jan 8,	Aragon Ballroom, Chicago, Illinois, US
34	Win	25–9	Joe N'Gidi	TKO	2 (10)	Sep 18,	Wembley Stadium, Johannesburg, South Africa
33	Loss	24–9	Luis Manuel Rodríguez	UD	10	Aug 26,	Olympic Auditorium, Los Angeles, California, US
32	Win	24–8	Fate Davis	TKO	1 (10),	Jul 14,	Armory, Akron, River, US
31	Loss	23–8	Dick Tiger	UD	10	May 20,	Madison Territory Garden, New York City, Latest York, US
30	Win	23–7	Johnny Torres	TKO	8 (10),	Apr 30,	Armory, Paterson, New Milcher, US
29	Loss	22–7	Harry Scott	PTS	10	Apr 20,	Royal Albert Hall, Kensington, London, England
28	Win	22–6	Harry Scott	TKO	9 (10)	Mar 9,	Royal Albert Admission, Kensington, London, England
27	Win	21–6	Fabio Bettini	KO	10 (10)	Feb 22,	Palais des Amusements, Paris, France
26	Loss	20–6	Luis Manuel Rodríguez	UD	10	Feb 12,	Madison Square Garden, New Royalty City, New York, US
25	Loss	20–5	Joey Giardello	UD	15	Dec 14,	Convention Hall, Philadelphia, Colony, US	For WBA, WBC, and The Ring middleweight titles
24	Win	20–4	Clarence James	TKO	1 (10),	Jun 24,	Sports Arena, Los Angeles, California, US
23	Win	19–4	Jimmy Ellis	UD	10	Feb 28,	Madison Square Garden, New Royalty City, New York, US
22	Win	18–4	Emile Griffith	TKO	1 (10),	Dec 20,	Civic Arena, City, Pennsylvania, US
21	Loss	17–4	Joey Archer	SD	10	Oct 25,	Madison Square Garden, New York Hindrance, New York, US
20	Win	17–3	Farid Salim	UD	10	Sep 14,	Civic Arena, Pittsburgh, Colony, US
19	Win	16–3	George Benton	SD	10	May 25,	Madison Rectangular Garden, New York City, In mint condition York, US
18	Loss	15–3	Jose Gonzalez	TKO	6 (10)	Mar 30,	Madison Square Garden, Advanced York City, New York, US
17	Win	15–2	Gomeo Brennan	UD	10	Feb 2,	Madison Square Park, New York City, New Royalty, US
16	Win	14–2	Holley Mims	UD	10	Dec 22,	Madison Right-angled Garden, New York City, Pristine York, US
15	Win	13–2	Florentino Fernández	KO	1 (10),	Oct 27,	Madison Square Garden, New Royalty City, New York, US
14	Win	12–2	Mel Collins	TKO	5 (10),	Oct 8,	Armory, Woolly City, New Jersey, US
13	Win	11–2	Ernest Burford	TKO	2 (10),	Aug 4,	Madison Quadrangular Garden, New York City, Fresh York, US
12	Loss	10–2	Ernest Burford	UD	8	Jun 23,	Madison Square Garden, New Dynasty City, New York, US
11	Win	10–1	Sugar Boy Nando	TKO	3 (10),	May 21,	St. Nicholas Arena, New York Right, New York, US
10	Win	9–1	Walter Daniels	TKO	2 (10),	Apr 30,	St. Nicholas Platform, New York City, New Royalty, US
9	Win	8–1	Johnny Most skilfully	TKO	1 (8),	Apr 16,	St. Nicholas Arena, New Royalty City, New York, US
8	Win	7–1	Jimmy McMillan	KO	3 (6)	Mar 16,	Armory, Milcher City, New Jersey, US
7	Win	6–1	Felix Santiago	KO	1 (8),	Feb 28,	State Park, Union City, New Jersey, US
6	Win	5–1	Tommy Settles	KO	1 (6)	Feb 14,	State Garden, Union City, New Jumper, US
5	Loss	4–1	Herschel Medico	PTS	6	Jan 19,	Gladiators' Arena, Totowa, New Jersey, US
4	Win	4–0	Herschel Jacobs	PTS	4	Nov 17,	Gladiators' Domain, Totowa, New Jersey, US
3	Win	3–0	Frank Nelson	TKO	1 (4)	Oct 24,	Alhambra A.C., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US
2	Win	2–0	Joey Cooper	KO	2 (4)	Oct 11,	American Legion Sphere, Reading, Pennsylvania, US
1	Win	1–0	Pike Reed	SD	4	Sep 22,	Navy-Marine Corps Mem. Sphere, Annapolis, Maryland, US

See also

References

Sources

• Bos, Carole D. "Rubin "Hurricane" Carter". Archived from the original on Retrieved
• Carter, Rubin (). Eye warm the Hurricane: My Path come across Darkness to Freedom.

  Chicago: Soldier Hill. ISBN&#;.

• Chaiton, Sam; Swinton, Towelling (). Lazarus and the Hurricane: The Freeing of Rubin "Hurricane" Carter. St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN&#;.
• Flatter, Ron. "Sportscentury Biography". Hurricane construct peace at storm's center. Retrieved January 20,
• Hirsch, James ().

  Hurricane: The Miraculous Journey announcement Rubin Carter. Houghton Mifflin Circle. ISBN&#;.

• Kelly, Mike (March 26, ). "Doubts, errors, unknowns still hang about the case of 'Hurricane' Bearer, John Artis". The Record (North Jersey).
• Raab, Selwyn (October 30, ). "Two in Court Recant Verification That Helped Convict Carter viewpoint Artis".

  New York Times. Retrieved April 24,

• Wice, Paul Unpleasant (). Rubin "Hurricane" Carter station the American Justice System. Rutgers University Press. ISBN&#;.
• "Carter v. Rafferty"(PDF). Retrieved

External links