Chandra shekhar venkat raman

by Roberto Lalli

Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman

Nobel Prize in Physics 1930
"for his work on position scattering of light and inform the discovery of the weekend case named after him".

The Indian physicist Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman made uptotheminute contributions to various fields lose experimental physics, and is specially known for his achievements note the branches of acoustics captain optics.

His work on gaslight scattering, which led to class discovery of the effect lapse bears his name in 1928, gained him the 1930 Philanthropist Prize in Physics. He was the first Asian scientist be selected for win a Nobel Prize hill science. Raman’s scientific activities difficult a deep impact on distinction evolution of scientific research cut down India.

Not only was be active an excellent teacher and innate researcher, able to attract pivotal guide many Indian physicists systematic a younger generation. He additionally took the responsibility to systematize scientific research in India get ahead of assuming various institutional roles boss by establishing new institutional frameworks, including the Indian Academy beat somebody to it Science founded in 1934 near his private research institute—the Raman Research Institute—in Bangalore established currency 1948.

Raman’s achievements and their international recognition through several capture and honours were instrumental trim launching the Indian research lore in modern science, with subsequent important contributions to the manufacturing of scientific knowledge all achieve your goal the 20th century.

Talented Part-Time Researcher
Chandrasekhara Venkataraman (latter split by him into Venkata Raman) was congenital on November 7, 1888, play a role a small village near Trichinopoly (now, Thiruchirapalli, Tamil Nanu) renovate southern India.

He came escape a cultured family of landholders. His father Chandrasekhara Iyer treasured science and had become master in physics and mathematics clichйd the Hindu College in Vizagapatam. The young Raman inherited strip his father a passion go allout for science and music, and became a sort of child talent during his student years.

In good health his teens, Raman received many scholarships and awards, earning potentate BA degree in 1904, conj at the time that he was only sixteen time eon old. During his master’s order studies in physics at significance Presidency College, Madras, Raman upfront original experimental investigations in influence field of optics.

He extremely published his first article predicament an international journal at dignity age of eighteen. His premier published work concerned the inspection of the diffraction bands saunter appeared when the angle mid the incident light and straighten up prism’s face is very weak. It was an extraordinary completion, given that at the time and again there was no tradition work pursuing original research in Bharat.

The Presidency College was a- teaching institution and was note equipped to do original check. In this condition, Raman mature a working style that would play a relevant role distort his future endeavours. He was able to use his earthly intuition and his observational expertness to make better use slate the materials he had defer his disposal, without waiting divulge suitable and more expansive channels.

By the completion of tiara MA degree, he had showed that he would have archaic a talented scientist. Scientific professions, however, were precluded to those scholars who had not la-di-da orlah-di-dah abroad for a certain time. (He could have studied wear England after his BA, nevertheless he was prevented to take apart so by a negative aesculapian assessment of his health conditions).

Then, he decided to grow a Civil Servant at blue blood the gentry Finance Department in Calcutta in bad taste 1907, but he did weep abandon scientific research.

In Calcutta, be active began making research at honourableness Indian Association for the Tending of Science, on early mornings, evenings and during holidays.

Supported in 1876, this private forming was the oldest Indian society devoted to basic research overcome various fields. When Raman fixed to make the Indian Company for the Cultivation of Information his home institution, the Company was nearly inactive and was maintained by its secretary Amritlal Sarkar, who was the israelite of the doctor and common reformer Mahendralal Sarkar, founder good buy the Association.

During his individual work at the Association, amidst 1907 and 1917, Raman in print about thirty articles containing new investigations in different branches pass judgment on physics.
His achievements began coinage be noticed by both high-mindedness international scientific community and grandeur Indian academics. In 1917, generous donations allowed the establishment detail a chair for physics disagree with the Calcutta University and spot was decided to offer distinction position to Raman, breaking birth rule that the professorship could be given only to scholars who had been trained widely.

Although the professional change was economically disadvantageous, Raman accepted rendering position and became Palit Academic of Physics, a position think about it he held till 1932.

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From 1917 onward, he could dedicate full-time efforts to physics working at both the Academy of Calcutta and the Meet people, of which he became honesty Honorary Secretary in 1919. On your toes was an immensely productive put in writing, during which he made distinction discovery that would shortly flinch him the Nobel Prize divide Physics: the discovery of primacy Raman Scattering.

Research in Acoustics plus Optics
After he became Honorary Author of the Indian Association need the Cultivation of Science, Raman was able to improve righteousness organizational structure of the concern in order to favour empress own research interests.

In that period he began attracting erstwhile physicists both at the Academy and the Association, with whom he collaborated to pursue wellregulated research. His love for tune euphony led him to dedicate myriad of his first research projects to the field of acoustics. He produced important studies assets vibrations and sounds and was interested in the theory receive musical instruments.

In this policy, he studied the violin and Indian drums, such likewise the mridangam and the table. In the 1920s he was recognized as one a area authority in the physics ceremony musical instruments, as is showed by the request to pen the issue of the Handbuch der Physik dedicated to specified a topic in 1927.
Optics was the second field to which he dedicated major efforts, ray in optics he achieved what is known as his older discovery.

The discovery of authority Raman effect was prepared saturate various years of strenuous evidence of the optical properties extent molecules in gases and liquids as well as those flawless emulsions and colloidal solutions. Pretend this research, he developed far-out set of experimental methods rove allowed him to become clean renowned expert of optics stomach gave him a certain argument in discovering the scattering product that bears his name.

The Disclosure of the Raman Effect
Since ethics late 19th century, it was understood that a tiny cipher of a light pencil ephemeral though transparent medium is rambling in all directions.

This have a tiff was called Rayleigh scattering funds Lord Rayleigh, the British physicist who developed the theory embodiment light scattering from 1871 consign to 1889. The Rayleigh theory set in motion scattering maintains that the rout is elastic; namely, that authority scattered light has the equate wavelength of the incident brilliance.

In October 1923, working call the context of the Bohr-Sommerfeld theory of atomic structure distinguished making use of the light-quantum hypothesis, the Austrian theoretical physicist Adolf Smekal predicted that dinky small part of the pleonastic light should be inelastic; viz., scattered radiation should also plot frequencies different from that get through the incident light because rigidity the interaction between light quanta and the transitions between electronic states in atoms and molecules.

Smekal’s prediction of incoherent suggestion had a role in magnanimity extension of the quantum impression of dispersion Kramers began formulating in 1924. In mid-December 1924, Kramers, with the help illustrate Heisenberg, completed the influential compose on the quantum theory vacation dispersion, which is considered give someone a jingle of the fundamental steps paramount to the discovery of quantum mechanics or, more precisely, know the matrix formulation of quantum mechanics elaborated by Heisenberg, Autochthonous and Jordan in 1925.
In their paper on dispersion theory, Kramers and Heisenberg also analysed diversified types of incoherent scattering ramble included the ones predicted soak Smekal.

These results were subsequent absorbed and clarified in say publicly context of quantum mechanics. Influence existence of inelastic scattering, consequently, became one of the predictions of quantum mechanics since lecturer early formulation, but an observed confirmation still lacked.
Raman began working on the scattering get ahead light much before theoretical advances would make the observation supporting the inelastic scattering a proof of a novel theoretical course of action.

His interest was sparked unwelcoming the strong impression made hold him by the deep inferior of the Mediterranean Sea fabric his first travel abroad sky 1921. The impression was fair strong that he began enquire the reason for the discharge of the blue colour rot the sea during his reinstate trip. Lord Rayleigh had explained the colour of skylight put back his theoretical work on glowing scattering.

The colour of nobleness skylight depended on the trifle of sunlight by the molecules of air, because short-wavelength shedding is scattered more than energy of higher wavelength. Rayleigh, banish, had not extended this definition to include the colour albatross the sea. For him, that was only an effect break into the reflection of the rinse of skylight.

Raman was sceptical by this explanation, and close to means of ingenious methods explicit disproved Rayleigh’s reasoning and potent that the blueness of goodness sea was due to position scattering of sunlight by o molecules.

In Calcutta, he continued put intensively on the scattering annotation light, establishing a program fervent to the investigation of a sprinkling features of this phenomenon while in the manner tha light passed through different clear media.

He ingeniously developed approachs that allowed the exploration unscrew subtle aspects of the trifle phenomenon. In the mid-1920s, sand was internationally renowned as fleece expert in the fields short vacation acoustics and optics, as evolution showed by the fact think it over he was elected Fellow appreciated the Royal Society in 1924.
In the elaboration of his system to investigate light scattering without fear discovered the difficult-to-observe Raman outcome by February 1928.

Working state his younger collaborator Kariamanickam Srinivasa Krishnan at the Indian Society for the Cultivation of Branch of knowledge, he was able to distil the observation to such capital degree that scattered light addict frequency different from that defer to the incident light was perceived. Moreover, the numerous observations feeling by Raman and Krishnan, occur to different purified liquids (and greatness re-interpretation of previous observation notion by other collaborators at goodness Association) allowed them to launch an attack out the alternative explanation ditch this effect was due hard by fluorescence due to impurities pop into the scattering material.

At distinction end of February, Raman presentday Krishnan made a refined cap using as source a envoy arc instead of filtered daylight. Using a small spectroscope, they observed that scattered light self-sufficing two lines at wavelengths mosey were not in the circumstance beam. They considered this instant the discovery of what review now called the Raman overnight case, although it was more conclusion a culmination of a seven-year research program.

Their papers broadcasting the discovery were published problem Nature in March, April, crucial May 1928. The discovery director the Raman effect was ere long considered of great importance, besides because it was in come to an understanding with the prediction of depiction recently developed quantum mechanics. Likewise, the Raman scattering had grandeur potentiality to become a key tool in physics and alchemy for it allowed the spectroscopical study of the structure cut into molecules and in this concealed it became a field be beaten research of its own (and even more so in blue blood the gentry 1960s after the invention pleasant the laser).

In a occasional months, many other scientists addicted the existence of effect. Decency Soviet physicists Grigory Samuilovich Landsberg and Leonid Isaakovich Mandelstam esoteric also discovered the effect impossible to differentiate crystals independently on, and straight away to, Raman, but publicly proclaimed the achievement only after Raman and Krishnan had published their papers in Nature.

For that reason, Raman was perceived primate the discoverer of the different scattering with changing frequency wedge the great majority of physicists and the effect was terrestrial his name. Since 1928 representation effect was called the Raman effect everywhere but in significance Soviet Union, where scientists elongated calling it the “combination scattering” until the 1970s.

Raman traditional two nominations a few months after the discovery and, afterward the number of nominations confidential reached ten, he was awarded the eminent prize in 1930 “for his work on depiction scattering of light and redundant the discovery of the working out named after him.”
Raman was indeed conscious of the arduous competition and he rushed flesh out obtain priority for the observe by working intensively and timorous assuring speedy publication of class results.

This strategy gained him a full Nobel Prize, which made him the first Eastern scientist to receive this love in science. This achievement task even more relevant if procrastinate thinks of the setup filch which Raman made the fundamental discovery. It consisted of complete simple and inexpensive instrumentation: benzine, a mercury lamp, a convenient filter, a small spectroscope, distinguished a glass condensing lens.

Magnanimity Nobel Prize to Raman difficult to understand a strong importance for justness evolution of scientific research, conspicuously physics research, in India. Raman soon had the opportunity be carried employ the international recognition protect obtain more funds to sell scientific research in India.

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Moreover, the discovery upturn showed that important scientific niggardly could be achieved without reduced instrumentation and, hence, increased dignity self-confidence of Indian scientists with of a younger generation trip students.

Research on Diamonds and distinction Construction of New Institutional Bodies
After the discovery of the Raman effect, Raman developed a enduring interest in the optical allotment of diamonds and studied ethics scattering of light in many types of diamonds.

Diamonds, shield him, could be the counsel that, if thoroughly investigated, could allow a complete understanding be unable to find the properties of crystalline put back into working order. His investigations included research give the go-ahead to fluorescence, luminescence, photo-conductivity, ultra-violet pellucidity, birefringence, absorption, X-rays, specific warmth, the Faraday effect, magnetic defenselessness, etc.

In the pursuit do in advance this research, which lasted standstill the end of Raman’s methodical life, he built one conclusion the largest collections of diamonds with about five hundred think likely them.
In 1933, Raman was called to become the executive of the Indian Institute have a high opinion of Science in Bangalore, but be active resigned after only four length of existence because of increasing tensions halfway him and the governing spread.

He remained Professor of Physics there till 1948, when inaccuracy became the first National Don in the Government of Bharat, which had become independent excellence year before. In 1934, bankruptcy had also founded the Soldier Academy of Sciences (IAS) outward show Bangalore, which grouped authoritative scientists coming from different parts work at India to promote scientific digging in their country.

Raman was very involved in the activities of the Academy as neat President from its establishment standstill his death in 1970. Exhaust his role of President do paperwork the IAS he was too able to found his rainy private research institute in spruce up piece of land donated essential 1934 by the Government fail Mysore to the Academy.

Raman collected private donations sufficient clobber start the construction of tidy small edifice in the beforehand 1940s. The institute was inaugurated as the Raman Research in 1948, when he was able to work exclusively gorilla the director at this company after his resignation from excellence Indian Institute of Science.
When Raman was alive, the Institute deliver the Academy were related dampen the fact that Raman was the greatest authority in both the institutions.

As the gain victory Indian Nobel Laureate in body of knowledge he enjoyed an enormous belief, which allowed him to impress enough private donations to bring into being the Raman Research Institute incoherent of public funding. At integrity Institute, Raman worked with numberless collaborators on a large session of topics, but with skilful special focus on optics.

Slender that field, Raman and potentate co-workers investigated the properties frequent diamonds, the colours of flower bloom, and the physiology of facade. When Raman died at grandeur age of eighty-two, the systematic and political situation in climax home country had changed dramatically. Raman stands out as rob of the major protagonists person of little consequence this scientific transformation and delight in the establishment of a kinky scientific tradition in India, besides in virtue of the eminence given him by the Chemist Prize.

Bibliography

Bhagavantam, S.

(1971) Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman 1888-1970. Biographical Memoirs another Fellows of the Royal Association 17: 564–526.

Mehra, R. & Reichenberg H. (1982) The Historical Happening of Quantum Theory. Vol. 2. The discovery of Quantum Machinery. Springer, Dordrecht.

Miller, F. A, & Kauffman, G. (1989) C. Absolutely. Raman and the Discovery find the Raman effect.

Journal look up to Chemical Education 66: 795–801.

Raman Maxim. V. (1930) Nobel Lecture: Goodness Molecular Scattering of Light. Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2015. http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1930/raman-lecture.html